1-46

exercises/001_hello.zig

@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@
 //
 const std = @import("std");
 
-fn main() void {
+pub fn main() void {
     std.debug.print("Hello world!\n", .{});
 }

exercises/002_std.zig

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 // Please complete the import below:
 //
 
-??? = @import("std");
+const std = @import("std");
 
 pub fn main() void {
     std.debug.print("Standard Library.\n", .{});

exercises/003_assignment.zig

@@ -34,12 +34,12 @@
 const std = @import("std");
 
 pub fn main() void {
-    const n: u8 = 50;
+    var n: u8 = 50;
     n = n + 5;
 
-    const pi: u8 = 314159;
+    const pi: u19 = 314159;
 
-    const negative_eleven: u8 = -11;
+    const negative_eleven: i8 = -11;
 
     // There are no errors in the next line, just explanation:
     // Perhaps you noticed before that the print function takes two

exercises/004_arrays.zig

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ pub fn main() void {
     // (Problem 1)
     // This "const" is going to cause a problem later - can you see what it is?
     // How do we fix it?
-    const some_primes = [_]u8{ 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 };
+    var some_primes = [_]u8{ 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 };
 
     // Individual values can be set with '[]' notation.
     // Example: This line changes the first prime to 2 (which is correct):
@@ -40,11 +40,11 @@ pub fn main() void {
     // (Problem 2)
     // Looks like we need to complete this expression. Use the example
     // above to set "fourth" to the fourth element of the some_primes array:
-    const fourth = some_primes[???];
+    const fourth = some_primes[3];
 
     // (Problem 3)
     // Use the len property to get the length of the array:
-    const length = some_primes.???;
+    const length = some_primes.len;
 
     std.debug.print("First: {}, Fourth: {}, Length: {}\n", .{
         first, fourth, length,

exercises/005_arrays2.zig

@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ pub fn main() void {
     // (Problem 1)
     // Please set this array concatenating the two arrays above.
     // It should result in: 1 3 3 7
-    const leet = ???;
+    const leet = le ++ et;
 
     // (Problem 2)
     // Please set this array using repetition.
     // It should result in: 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
-    const bit_pattern = [_]u8{ ??? } ** 3;
+    const bit_pattern = [_]u8{ 1, 0, 0, 1 } ** 3;
 
     // Okay, that's all of the problems. Let's see the results.
     //

exercises/006_strings.zig

@@ -24,18 +24,18 @@ pub fn main() void {
     // (Problem 1)
     // Use array square bracket syntax to get the letter 'd' from
     // the string "stardust" above.
-    const d: u8 = ziggy[???];
+    const d: u8 = ziggy[4];
 
     // (Problem 2)
     // Use the array repeat '**' operator to make "ha ha ha ".
-    const laugh = "ha " ???;
+    const laugh = "ha " ** 3;
 
     // (Problem 3)
     // Use the array concatenation '++' operator to make "Major Tom".
     // (You'll need to add a space as well!)
     const major = "Major";
     const tom = "Tom";
-    const major_tom = major ??? tom;
+    const major_tom = major ++ " " ++ tom;
 
     // That's all the problems. Let's see our results:
     std.debug.print("d={u} {s}{s}\n", .{ d, laugh, major_tom });

exercises/007_strings2.zig

@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ const std = @import("std");
 
 pub fn main() void {
     const lyrics =
-        Ziggy played guitar
+        \\Ziggy played guitar
-        Jamming good with Andrew Kelley
+        \\Jamming good with Andrew Kelley
-        And the Spiders from Mars
+        \\And the Spiders from Mars
     ;
 
     std.debug.print("{s}\n", .{lyrics});

exercises/008_quiz.zig

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ pub fn main() void {
     // the idiomatic type to use for array indexing.
     //
     // There IS a problem on this line, but 'usize' isn't it.
-    const x: usize = 1;
+    var x: usize = 1;
 
     // Note: When you want to declare memory (an array in this
     // case) without putting anything in it, you can set it to
@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@ pub fn main() void {
     lang[0] = letters[x];
 
     x = 3;
-    lang[???] = letters[x];
+    lang[1] = letters[x];
 
-    x = ???;
+    x = 5;
-    lang[2] = letters[???];
+    lang[2] = letters[x];
 
     // We want to "Program in Zig!" of course:
     std.debug.print("Program in {s}!\n", .{lang});

exercises/009_if.zig

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pub fn main() void {
     const foo = 1;
 
     // Please fix this condition:
-    if (foo) {
+    if (foo == 1) {
         // We want our program to print this message!
         std.debug.print("Foo is 1!\n", .{});
     } else {

exercises/010_if2.zig

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ pub fn main() void {
 
     // Please use an if...else expression to set "price".
     // If discount is true, the price should be $17, otherwise $20:
-    const price: u8 = if ???;
+    const price: u8 = if (discount) 17 else 20;
 
     std.debug.print("With the discount, the price is ${}.\n", .{price});
 }

exercises/011_while.zig

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ pub fn main() void {
     var n: u32 = 2;
 
     // Please use a condition that is true UNTIL "n" reaches 1024:
-    while (???) {
+    while (n < 1024) {
         // Print the current number
         std.debug.print("{} ", .{n});
 

exercises/012_while2.zig

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ pub fn main() void {
 
     // Please set the continue expression so that we get the desired
     // results in the print statement below.
-    while (n < 1000) : ??? {
+    while (n < 1000) : (n = n * 2) {
         // Print the current number
         std.debug.print("{} ", .{n});
     }

exercises/013_while3.zig

@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ pub fn main() void {
     while (n <= 20) : (n += 1) {
         // The '%' symbol is the "modulo" operator and it
         // returns the remainder after division.
-        if (n % 3 == 0) ???;
+        if (n % 3 == 0) continue;
-        if (n % 5 == 0) ???;
+        if (n % 5 == 0) continue;
         std.debug.print("{} ", .{n});
     }
 

exercises/014_while4.zig

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ pub fn main() void {
     // Oh dear! This while loop will go forever?!
     // Please fix this so the print statement below gives the desired output.
     while (true) : (n += 1) {
-        if (???) ???;
+        if (n == 4) break;
     }
 
     // Result: we want n=4

exercises/015_for.zig

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ pub fn main() void {
 
     std.debug.print("A Dramatic Story: ", .{});
 
-    for (???) |???| {
+    for (story) |scene| {
         if (scene == 'h') std.debug.print(":-)  ", .{});
         if (scene == 's') std.debug.print(":-(  ", .{});
         if (scene == 'n') std.debug.print(":-|  ", .{});

exercises/016_for2.zig

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ pub fn main() void {
     // the value of the place as a power of two for each bit.
     //
     // See if you can figure out the missing pieces:
-    for (bits, ???) |bit, ???| {
+    for (bits, 0..) |bit, i| {
         // Note that we convert the usize i to a u32 with
         // @intCast(), a builtin function just like @import().
         // We'll learn about these properly in a later exercise.

exercises/017_quiz2.zig

@@ -9,18 +9,18 @@
 // Let's go from 1 to 16. This has been started for you, but there
 // are some problems. :-(
 //
-const std = import standard library;
+const std = @import("std");
 
-function main() void {
+pub fn main() void {
     var i: u8 = 1;
     const stop_at: u8 = 16;
 
     // What kind of loop is this? A 'for' or a 'while'?
-    ??? (i <= stop_at) : (i += 1) {
+    while (i <= stop_at) : (i += 1) {
         if (i % 3 == 0) std.debug.print("Fizz", .{});
         if (i % 5 == 0) std.debug.print("Buzz", .{});
         if (!(i % 3 == 0) and !(i % 5 == 0)) {
-            std.debug.print("{}", .{???});
+            std.debug.print("{}", .{i});
         }
         std.debug.print(", ", .{});
     }

exercises/018_functions.zig

@@ -25,6 +25,6 @@ pub fn main() void {
 // We're just missing a couple things. One thing we're NOT missing is the
 // keyword "pub", which is not needed here. Can you guess why?
 //
-??? deepThought() ??? {
+fn deepThought() u8 {
     return 42; // Number courtesy Douglas Adams
 }

exercises/019_functions2.zig

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ pub fn main() void {
 // You'll need to figure out the parameter name and type that we're
 // expecting. The output type has already been specified for you.
 //
-fn twoToThe(???) u32 {
+fn twoToThe(my_number: u8) u32 {
     return std.math.pow(u32, 2, my_number);
     // std.math.pow(type, a, b) takes a numeric type and two
     // numbers of that type (or that can coerce to that type) and

exercises/020_quiz3.zig

@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ pub fn main() void {
 //
 // This function prints, but does not return anything.
 //
-fn printPowersOfTwo(numbers: [4]u16) ??? {
+fn printPowersOfTwo(numbers: [4]u16) void {
-    loop (numbers) |n| {
+    for (numbers) |n| {
         std.debug.print("{} ", .{twoToThe(n)});
     }
 }
@@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ fn printPowersOfTwo(numbers: [4]u16) ??? {
 // exercise. But don't be fooled! This one does the math without the aid
 // of the standard library!
 //
-fn twoToThe(number: u16) ??? {
+fn twoToThe(number: u16) u32 {
     var n: u16 = 0;
     var total: u16 = 1;
 
-    loop (n < number) : (n += 1) {
+    while (n < number) : (n += 1) {
         total *= 2;
     }
 
-    return ???;
+    return total;
 }

exercises/021_errors.zig

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 // "TooSmall". Please add it where needed!
 const MyNumberError = error{
     TooBig,
-    ???,
+    TooSmall,
     TooFour,
 };
 
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ pub fn main() void {
         if (number_error == MyNumberError.TooBig) {
             std.debug.print(">4. ", .{});
         }
-        if (???) {
+        if (number_error == MyNumberError.TooSmall) {
             std.debug.print("<4. ", .{});
         }
         if (number_error == MyNumberError.TooFour) {

exercises/022_errors2.zig

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ const std = @import("std");
 const MyNumberError = error{TooSmall};
 
 pub fn main() void {
-    var my_number: ??? = 5;
+    var my_number: MyNumberError!u8 = 5;
 
     // Looks like my_number will need to either store a number OR
     // an error. Can you set the type correctly above?

exercises/023_errors3.zig

@@ -12,14 +12,14 @@ const MyNumberError = error{TooSmall};
 
 pub fn main() void {
     const a: u32 = addTwenty(44) catch 22;
-    const b: u32 = addTwenty(4) ??? 22;
+    const b: u32 = addTwenty(4) catch 22;
 
     std.debug.print("a={}, b={}\n", .{ a, b });
 }
 
 // Please provide the return type from this function.
 // Hint: it'll be an error union.
-fn addTwenty(n: u32) ??? {
+fn addTwenty(n: u32) MyNumberError!u32 {
     if (n < 5) {
         return MyNumberError.TooSmall;
     } else {

exercises/024_errors4.zig

@@ -59,7 +59,13 @@ fn fixTooSmall(n: u32) MyNumberError!u32 {
     // If we get a TooSmall error, we should return 10.
     // If we get any other error, we should return that error.
     // Otherwise, we return the u32 number.
-    return detectProblems(n) ???;
+    return detectProblems(n) catch |err| {
+        if (err == MyNumberError.TooSmall) {
+            return 10;
+        }
+
+        return err;
+    };
 }
 
 fn detectProblems(n: u32) MyNumberError!u32 {

exercises/025_errors5.zig

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ fn addFive(n: u32) MyNumberError!u32 {
     // This function needs to return any error which might come back from detect().
     // Please use a "try" statement rather than a "catch".
     //
-    const x = detect(n);
+    const x = try detect(n);
 
     return x + 5;
 }

exercises/026_hello2.zig

@@ -23,5 +23,5 @@ pub fn main() !void {
     // to be able to pass it up as a return value of main().
     //
     // We just learned of a single statement which can accomplish this.
-    stdout.print("Hello world!\n", .{});
+    try stdout.print("Hello world!\n", .{});
 }

exercises/027_defer.zig

@@ -20,6 +20,6 @@ const std = @import("std");
 pub fn main() void {
     // Without changing anything else, please add a 'defer' statement
     // to this code so that our program prints "One Two\n":
-    std.debug.print("Two\n", .{});
+    defer std.debug.print("Two\n", .{});
     std.debug.print("One ", .{});
 }

exercises/028_defer2.zig

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ pub fn main() void {
 fn printAnimal(animal: u8) void {
     std.debug.print("(", .{});
 
-    std.debug.print(") ", .{}); // <---- how?!
+    defer std.debug.print(") ", .{}); // <---- how?!
 
     if (animal == 'g') {
         std.debug.print("Goat", .{});

exercises/029_errdefer.zig

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ fn makeNumber() MyErr!u32 {
 
     // Please make the "failed" message print ONLY if the makeNumber()
     // function exits with an error:
-    std.debug.print("failed!\n", .{});
+    errdefer std.debug.print("failed!\n", .{});
 
     var num = try getNumber(); // <-- This could fail!
 

exercises/030_switch.zig

@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ pub fn main() void {
             // match for every possible value).  Please add an "else"
             // to this switch to print a question mark "?" when c is
             // not one of the existing matches.
+            else => std.debug.print("?", .{}),
         }
     }
 

exercises/031_switch2.zig

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ pub fn main() void {
             26 => 'Z',
             // As in the last exercise, please add the 'else' clause
             // and this time, have it return an exclamation mark '!'.
+            else => '!',
         };
 
         std.debug.print("{c}", .{real_char});

exercises/032_unreachable.zig

@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ pub fn main() void {
             3 => {
                 current_value *= current_value;
             },
+
+            else => unreachable,
         }
 
         std.debug.print("{} ", .{current_value});

exercises/033_iferror.zig

@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@ pub fn main() void {
             std.debug.print("={}. ", .{value});
         } else |err| switch (err) {
             MyNumberError.TooBig => std.debug.print(">4. ", .{}),
+            MyNumberError.TooSmall => std.debug.print("<4. ", .{}),
+            else => unreachable,
             // Please add a match for TooSmall here and have it print: "<4. "
         }
     }

exercises/034_quiz4.zig

@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ const std = @import("std");
 
 const NumError = error{IllegalNumber};
 
-pub fn main() void {
+pub fn main() !void {
     const stdout = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
 
-    const my_num: u32 = getNumber();
+    const my_num: u32 = getNumber() catch 42;
 
     try stdout.print("my_num={}\n", .{my_num});
 }

exercises/035_enums.zig

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 const std = @import("std");
 
 // Please complete the enum!
-const Ops = enum { ??? };
+const Ops = enum { inc, dec, pow };
 
 pub fn main() void {
     const operations = [_]Ops{

exercises/036_enums2.zig

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ const std = @import("std");
 const Color = enum(u32) {
     red = 0xff0000,
     green = 0x00ff00,
-    blue = ???,
+    blue = 0x0000ff,
 };
 
 pub fn main() void {
@@ -53,12 +53,12 @@ pub fn main() void {
         \\<p>
         \\  <span style="color: #{x:0>6}">Red</span>
         \\  <span style="color: #{x:0>6}">Green</span>
-        \\  <span style="color: #{}">Blue</span>
+        \\  <span style="color: #{x:0>6}">Blue</span>
         \\</p>
         \\
     , .{
         @intFromEnum(Color.red),
         @intFromEnum(Color.green),
-        @intFromEnum(???), // Oops! We're missing something!
+        @intFromEnum(Color.blue), // Oops! We're missing something!
     });
 }

exercises/037_structs.zig

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ const Character = struct {
     role: Role,
     gold: u32,
     experience: u32,
+    health: u8,
 };
 
 pub fn main() void {
@@ -44,6 +45,7 @@ pub fn main() void {
         .role = Role.wizard,
         .gold = 20,
         .experience = 10,
+        .health = 100,
     };
 
     // Glorp gains some gold.

exercises/038_structs2.zig

@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ pub fn main() void {
         .experience = 10,
     };
 
+    chars[1] = Character{ .role = Role.bard, .gold = 10, .health = 100, .experience = 20 };
+
     // Please add "Zump the Loud" with the following properties:
     //
     //     role       bard

exercises/039_pointers.zig

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ pub fn main() void {
 
     // Please make num2 equal 5 using num1_pointer!
     // (See the "cheatsheet" above for ideas.)
-    num2 = ???;
+    num2 = num1_pointer.*;
 
     std.debug.print("num1: {}, num2: {}\n", .{ num1, num2 });
 }

exercises/040_pointers2.zig

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ const std = @import("std");
 
 pub fn main() void {
     const a: u8 = 12;
-    const b: *u8 = &a; // fix this!
+    const b: *const u8 = &a; // fix this!
 
     std.debug.print("a: {}, b: {}\n", .{ a, b.* });
 }

exercises/041_pointers3.zig

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ pub fn main() void {
 
     // Please define pointer "p" so that it can point to EITHER foo or
     // bar AND change the value it points to!
-    ??? p: ??? = undefined;
+    var p: *u8 = &foo;
 
     p = &foo;
     p.* += 1;

exercises/042_pointers4.zig

@@ -37,5 +37,5 @@ pub fn main() void {
 // This function should take a reference to a u8 value and set it
 // to 5.
 fn makeFive(x: *u8) void {
-    ??? = 5; // fix me!
+    x.* = 5; // fix me!
 }

exercises/043_pointers5.zig

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ pub fn main() void {
 
     // FIX ME!
     // Please pass Glorp to printCharacter():
-    printCharacter(???);
+    printCharacter(&glorp);
 }
 
 // Note how this function's "c" parameter is a pointer to a Character struct.

exercises/044_quiz5.zig

@@ -18,12 +18,14 @@ const Elephant = struct {
 
 pub fn main() void {
     var elephantA = Elephant{ .letter = 'A' };
+    var elephantB = Elephant{ .letter = 'B' };
     // (Please add Elephant B here!)
     var elephantC = Elephant{ .letter = 'C' };
 
     // Link the elephants so that each tail "points" to the next elephant.
     // They make a circle: A->B->C->A...
     elephantA.tail = &elephantB;
+    elephantB.tail = &elephantC;
     // (Please link Elephant B's tail to Elephant C here!)
     elephantC.tail = &elephantA;
 

exercises/045_optionals.zig

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ pub fn main() void {
 
     // Please threaten the result so that answer is either the
     // integer value from deepThought() OR the number 42:
-    const answer: u8 = result;
+    const answer: u8 = result orelse 42;
 
     std.debug.print("The Ultimate Answer: {}.\n", .{answer});
 }

exercises/046_optionals2.zig

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ const std = @import("std");
 
 const Elephant = struct {
     letter: u8,
-    tail: *Elephant = null, // Hmm... tail needs something...
+    tail: ?*Elephant = null, // Hmm... tail needs something...
     visited: bool = false,
 };
 
@@ -66,6 +66,6 @@ fn visitElephants(first_elephant: *Elephant) void {
 
         // HINT: We want something similar to what `.?` does,
         // but instead of ending the program, we want to exit the loop...
-        e = e.tail ???
+        e = e.tail orelse return;
     }
 }